全面解析python当前路径和导包路径问题
引言
python中的模块、库、包有什么区别?
module:一个 .py 文件就是个 module
lib:抽象概念,和另外两个不是一类,只要你喜欢,什么都是 lib,就算只有个 hello world
package:就是个带 __init__.py 的文件夹,并不在乎里面有什么,不过一般来讲会包含一些 packages/modules
如何你有以下的疑问的话,那这个文章很适合你!
- 子疑问:为什么在 pycharm 中运行单元测试是正常的?但还是在终端运行就出现了导包错误?
- 子疑问:Pycharm 中运行正常,但是终端运行出现错误:
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named
- 子疑问:为什么 python 在 vscode 运行的路径和 pycharm 不一致
- 子疑问:VSCode找不到相对路径文件
何为当前路径?
所谓的当前路径到底是输入命令的路径还是 py
脚本文件所在的路径?
插一句: linux
等系统中查看当前路径的命令是 pwd
, python 中查看当前路径是 os.getcwd()
❓ 疑问一 :python
程序的当前路径是执行 python
脚本等路径还是 python
脚本说在的路径?
即执行下面的命令的时候,所谓的当前路径是 testing
文件夹所在的路径还是 main.py
文件所在路径。
- python testing/main.py
✅ 答案:当前路径是输入运行命令的路径,而不是 py
文件所在的路径。
对于下面的命令,是无所谓区分这两个路径的,但是上面的路径就不一样了
- python main.py
导包路径和当前路径的关系?
知道这个知识对写程序避坑有什么帮助?,接下往下看吧!
❓ 疑问二 :如何查看 Python 的导包路径?
- 子疑问:python 的导包顺序是什么?
- 子疑问:python 导包的时候会去哪些文件夹下查找 package?
- 子疑问:python 导包的时候会去哪些路径下查找 package?
我在 /Users/bot/Desktop/code/ideaboom
新建一个名为 testing
的文件夹,并在 testing
文件夹下新建一个 main.py
的文件。
main.py
文件的内容如下所示:
- import os
- import sys
- print(‘当前工作路径: ‘, os.getcwd())
- print(‘导包路径为: ‘)
- for p in sys.path:
- print(p)
并在 /Users/bot/Desktop/code/ideaboom
处运行命令:python testing/main.py
程序输出如下:
当前工作路径: /Users/bot/Desktop/code/ideaboom
导包路径为:
/Users/bot/Desktop/code/ideaboom/testing
/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.9/lib/python39.zip
/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.9/lib/python3.9
/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.9/lib/python3.9/lib-dynload
/Users/bot/.local/share/virtualenvs/ideaboom-8ZWsq-JB/lib/python3.9/site-packages
- 现象一 :我们可以看到 导包路径 有好多,
sys.path
返回的是一个列表对象,搜包的时候,会先从列表的第一个元素开始早起,比如import django
就会先去/Users/bot/Desktop/code/ideaboom/testing
查看有没有叫做django
的包或者django.py
文件。再去/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.9/lib/python39.zip
等依次查找。
python 中的包就是包含 __init__.py
文件的文件夹
- 现象二 :可以看到,当前路径是执行
python testing/main.py
命令的路径,但是导包路径就不是用执行命令的路径,而是main.py
文件所在的路径。 - 现象三 :sys.path 排第一的是
main.py
文件所在的路径。系统路径都往后稍稍。
首要导包路径不是当前路径有什么问题?
这是一个很典型的问题,我们往往会在项目的根目录下面建一个 testing 文件夹,把需要单元测试相关的文件放在。
但是当我们输入命令 python testing/main.py
的时候,就会出现 ModuleNotFoundError: No module named xxx
,出现的原因就是上面提到的:首要导包路径不是当前路径
本来 xxx 和 testing 文件夹是在项目的根目录下面,sys.path 中的首要导包路径就是项目的根目录,但是当我们 python testing/main.py
的时候,首要导包路变成了 testing
而不是项目根目录了!这还是 main.py
中的 import xxx
当然找不到了。
知道了问题如何解决呢?
解决什么?当然是运行 tetsing
文件夹下面的 main.py
文件报错 ModuleNotFoundError: No module named xxx
的问题。
❓ 疑问三:如何改变 Python 程序的首要导包路径?
python 首要导包路径就是 sys.path
列表中的第一个元素,即被运行的 py 文件所在的文件夹路径
方案一:动态修改 sys.path
最常见的方式就是:
把当前路径添加到 sys.path
中,且为了避免命名冲突,最好添加到列表的头部,而不是用 append
添加到尾部。至于本来的(不期望的)首要导包路径 /Users/bot/Desktop/code/ideaboom/testing
可以删除,也可以保留。
- import os
- import sys
- print(‘当前工作路径: ‘, os.getcwd())
- print(‘导包路径为: ‘)
- sys.path.insert(0,os.getcwd()) # 把当前路径添加到 sys.path 中
- for p in sys.path:
- print(p)
程序输出:
当前工作路径: /Users/bot/Desktop/code/ideaboom
导包路径为:
/Users/bot/Desktop/code/ideaboom
/Users/bot/Desktop/code/ideaboom/testing
/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.9/lib/python39.zip
/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.9/lib/python3.9
/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.9/lib/python3.9/lib-dynload
/Users/bot/.local/share/virtualenvs/ideaboom-8ZWsq-JB/lib/python3.9/site-packages
但是这个方案不太好,有一些缺点,比如下面的代码,看起来就很不优雅,因为按照 python 的代码规范,导包相关的代码应该写在最前面,这种 导包+代码+导包
的方式破坏了 pythonic
- import os
- import sys
- import time
- import schedule
- from pathlib import Path
- import os
- import sys
- import time
- import schedule
- from pathlib import Path
- BASE_DIR = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent.parent
- sys.path.insert(0, str(BASE_DIR))
- import django
- django.setup()
方案二:使用环境变量 PYTHONPATH
更好的方案
因为首要导包路径的设定是 python 解释器的默认执行,那我们能不能在 python 解释器启动之前就指定好我们需要的首要导包路径呢?
通过查看 python –help 命令,我们可以到以下内容:
- usage: /opt/homebrew/Cellar/python@3.8/3.8.12/bin/python3 [option] … [-c cmd | –m mod | file | -] [arg] …
- Options and arguments (and corresponding environment variables):
- –b : issue warnings about str(bytes_instance), str(bytearray_instance)
- and comparing bytes/bytearray with str. (-bb: issue errors)
- –B : don‘t write .pyc files on import; also PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE=x
- -c cmd : program passed in as string (terminates option list)
- -d : debug output from parser; also PYTHONDEBUG=x
- -E : ignore PYTHON* environment variables (such as PYTHONPATH)
- -h : print this help message and exit (also –help)
- -i : inspect interactively after running script; forces a prompt even
- if stdin does not appear to be a terminal; also PYTHONINSPECT=x
- -I : isolate Python from the user’s environment (implies –E and –s)
- –m mod : run library module as a script (terminates option list)
- –O : remove assert and __debug__–dependent statements; add .opt–1 before
- .pyc extension; also PYTHONOPTIMIZE=x
- –OO : do –O changes and also discard docstrings; add .opt–2 before
- .pyc extension
- –q : don‘t print version and copyright messages on interactive startup
- -s : don’t add user site directory to sys.path; also PYTHONNOUSERSITE
- –S : don‘t imply ‘import site‘ on initialization
- -u : force the stdout and stderr streams to be unbuffered;
- this option has no effect on stdin; also PYTHONUNBUFFERED=x
- -v : verbose (trace import statements); also PYTHONVERBOSE=x
- can be supplied multiple times to increase verbosity
- -V : print the Python version number and exit (also –version)
- when given twice, print more information about the build
- -W arg : warning control; arg is action:message:category:module:lineno
- also PYTHONWARNINGS=arg
- -x : skip first line of source, allowing use of non-Unix forms of #!cmd
- -X opt : set implementation-specific option. The following options are available:
- -X faulthandler: enable faulthandler
- -X showrefcount: output the total reference count and number of used
- memory blocks when the program finishes or after each statement in the
- interactive interpreter. This only works on debug builds
- -X tracemalloc: start tracing Python memory allocations using the
- tracemalloc module. By default, only the most recent frame is stored in a
- traceback of a trace. Use -X tracemalloc=NFRAME to start tracing with a
- traceback limit of NFRAME frames
- -X showalloccount: output the total count of allocated objects for each
- type when the program finishes. This only works when Python was built with
- COUNT_ALLOCS defined
- -X importtime: show how long each import takes. It shows module name,
- cumulative time (including nested imports) and self time (excluding
- nested imports). Note that its output may be broken in multi-threaded
- application. Typical usage is python3 -X importtime -c ‘import asyncio‘
- -X dev: enable CPython’s “development mode”, introducing additional runtime
- checks which are too expensive to be enabled by default. Effect of the
- developer mode:
- * Add default warning filter, as –W default
- * Install debug hooks on memory allocators: see the PyMem_SetupDebugHooks() C function
- * Enable the faulthandler module to dump the Python traceback on a crash
- * Enable asyncio debug mode
- * Set the dev_mode attribute of sys.flags to True
- * io.IOBase destructor logs close() exceptions
- –X utf8: enable UTF–8 mode for operating system interfaces, overriding the default
- locale–aware mode. –X utf8=0 explicitly disables UTF–8 mode (even when it would
- otherwise activate automatically)
- –X pycache_prefix=PATH: enable writing .pyc files to a parallel tree rooted at the
- given directory instead of to the code tree
- —check–hash–based–pycs always|default|never:
- control how Python invalidates hash–based .pyc files
- file : program read from script file
- – : program read from stdin (default; interactive mode if a tty)
- arg …: arguments passed to program in sys.argv[1:]
- Other environment variables:
- PYTHONSTARTUP: file executed on interactive startup (no default)
- PYTHONPATH : ‘:’–separated list of directories prefixed to the
- default module search path. The result is sys.path.
- PYTHONHOME : alternate <prefix> directory (or <prefix>:<exec_prefix>).
- The default module search path uses <prefix>/lib/pythonX.X.
- PYTHONCAseoK : ignore case in ‘import’ statements (Windows).
- PYTHONUTF8: if set to 1, enable the UTF–8 mode.
- PYTHONIOENCODING: Encoding[:errors] used for stdin/stdout/stderr.
- PYTHONFAULTHANDLER: dump the Python traceback on fatal errors.
- PYTHONHASHSEED: if this variable is set to ‘random’, a random value is used
- to seed the hashes of str and bytes objects. It can also be set to an
- integer in the range [0,4294967295] to get hash values with a
- predictable seed.
- PYTHONMALLOC: set the Python memory allocators and/or install debug hooks
- on Python memory allocators. Use PYTHONMALLOC=debug to install debug
- hooks.
- PYTHONCOERCECLOCALE: if this variable is set to 0, it disables the locale
- coercion behavior. Use PYTHONCOERCECLOCALE=warn to request display of
- locale coercion and locale compatibility warnings on stderr.
- PYTHONBREAKPOINT: if this variable is set to 0, it disables the default
- debugger. It can be set to the callable of your debugger of choice.
- PYTHONDEVMODE: enable the development mode.
- PYTHONPYCACHEPREFIX: root directory for bytecode cache (pyc) files.
看了一圈下来,感觉这个 PYTHONHOME
是救星,但实际上不是哦,恰恰是那个不起眼的 PYTHONPATH
testing/main.py
- import os
- import sys
- print(‘当前工作路径: ‘, os.getcwd())
- print(‘导包路径为: ‘)
- for p in sys.path:
- print(p)
我们可以使用下面的方式来启动程序:
- PYTHONPATH=$(pwd) python testing/main.py
此时程序的输出变成了:
(ideaboom) ╭─bot@mbp13m1.local ~/Desktop/code/ideaboom ‹master*›
╰─➤ PYTHONPATH=$(pwd) python testing/main.py
当前工作路径: /Users/bot/Desktop/code/ideaboom
导包路径为:
/Users/bot/Desktop/code/ideaboom/testing
/Users/bot/Desktop/code/ideaboom
/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.9/lib/python39.zip
/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.9/lib/python3.9
/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.9/lib/python3.9/lib-dynload
/Users/bot/.local/share/virtualenvs/ideaboom-8ZWsq-JB/lib/python3.9/site-packages
让我们再来看看 PYTHONPATH=$(pwd) python testing/main.py
, 它等效于 PYTHONPATH=/Users/bot/Desktop/code/ideaboom python testing/main.py
.
在 python testing/main.py
添加 PYTHONPATH=$(pwd)
的环境变量的作用域仅限于本次命令的运行,不会扩散到当前的 shell 环境中。
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